Every complex problem has an answer that is clear simple and wrong

Think for example about the introduction of multidisciplinary case management for patients with complex needs, such as those with both cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. Here, outcomes are not predictable, so stakeholders need to rely on continuous experimentation and dialogue. Solutions emerge through the collaborative efforts of clinicians, researchers, and case managers who use structured sense-making to adapt treatment plans dynamically.

This requires leaders with:

• strong collaboration skills,
• willingness to learn from mistakes,
• adaptability and personal stability to cope with setbacks

and an organisational culture that provides:

• space for reflection and exploration
• an environment of psychological safety.

Here is a framework that may help navigate decision making in potentially complex situations.